In class, we have been studying genetics and how DNA is used to determine inheritable characteristics. You will research a study pertaining to genetics and answer the following questions about the research: 1) What is the study about and/or trying to prove? 2) What specimens are being used in your study? 3) How does this study apply to genetics or DNA replication or transcription? 4) Include other information that is important the reader in your post. 5) What are the conclusions within the study? 6) What are your conclusions about the study?
This post is due by Midnight, Thursday, February 28th. We will share our findings in class on Friday, March 1st. The post needs to be in complete sentences, contain proper grammar, and the links need to be included. Refer to the blog rubric on edline.
If you have any questions, please let me know. Have Fun!
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Biology.. Chemistry..❤
DeleteAmelia I love you<3
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ReplyDeleteI have no idea what I am doing
ReplyDeleteCloning Tadpoles
ReplyDeleteA scientist by the name of John Gurdon cloned tadpoles successfully in the 1970's. He did this by transferring the nucleus or genetic information from a specialized cell to a unfertilized cell, or he removed all of the genetic information from the cell. The cell with the removed nucleus(A) developed into a tadpole which looked identical to tadpole(B). Gurdon tadpoles did not grow up to be frogs, but his experiment did prove that the process of cloning an organism is possible! My conclusion to the experiment is that you can clone organism, but they want be smart because they are removing the nucleus or the brain. This study applys to genetics because it is taking out the genetic information or the DNA.
http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/genetic/cloning2.htm
An experiment was conducted in 1958 that was trying to prove one of the theories on DNA replication was completely true and correct. Two scientists ,Meselson and Stahl were the men in charge of this. The theory tested was DNA replication in bacteria is semi-conservative. Different types of nitrogen molecules were used in this experiment and the cells were transferred from a heavy isotope to a lighter form. During the transfer, samples were collected throughout. This experiment showed anyone wanting to learn about DNA as well as other scientists trying to come to a conclusion about DNA replication that there are different types of replication. Meselson and Stahl took information to conclude that replication in bacteria is semiconservative. This experiment will be used by many scientists young and old.
ReplyDeleteThere has been a new gene found giving insight to something science has tried to prove for many years. A theory was conducted long ago. Are humans actually more civilized and evolved chimpanzees? Some people used to believe that humans actually evolved from apes. While this is a little hard to believe for most common thinkers, the ones who did believe saw evidence that was sparsely there. Now, modern science has revealed a new gene known as miR-941 to be an important part in the brain helping one to learn language and use objects. Oddly enough, as important as it's role is, it is made of "junk" DNA. What is junk DNA? Junk DNA refers to non-coding genetic material. Ironically, this gene was found in humans and not apes. So what does this new gene discovery have to do with relations to chimpanzees? The researchers at the English University of Edinburgh looked at eleven different species of mammals to see the different types of genes and compared them to the human genes. The results stated the miR-941 gene is only carried by humans, and if the evolutionary theory stating humans evolved from apes is true, this gene was acquired AFTER the humans had evolved. Also, researchers have never seen this gene process in action properly until now. Incidentally, this research shows the gene plays an important part in the higher part of the brain functions and that is the gene that makes us all unique! In conclusion, this new gene has disproved the theory of evolution, once again.
ReplyDeleteThis study was about researchers finding a non-active gene to be active. It also sheds a little light on the theory of evolution. It proves the evolutionary theory hard to believe. Human DNA, chimpanzees, rats, gorillas, and mice were all used in this research. The genetics found in humans disproved the evolutionary theory, stating it is only found in humans. The gene that was found has never properly until now. My conclusion will always be what the facts represent. In this situation the new gene obviously denotes distinctly between chimpanzees and humans. The gene basically makes all humans different! If this gene were to be found in chimpanzees, then scientists would have to do a bit more digging to find out if the evolutionary theory was true. Personally, no matter what, I'm not going to believe I evolved from a monkey that picks dirt out of other monkeys' fur. Moreover, I believe in the evolution of man, that being a average man in the 1800's is definitely not the same as the average man in 2013. Evolution of man, yes; evolution from apes, no
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/252822.php
Researchers at the Whitehead Institue of Biomedical research performed a study in Boston dealing with cloning animals. They looked at 10,000 different genes. In the conclusion they found that cloning animals will always create an abnormal one. 1 in every 25 genes are abnormal. They performed this study on mice, and the mice resulted in liver failure, pneumonia, and sudden death.
ReplyDeleteMy conclusion about this study is that no scientist could clone and get every posible gene right. The reason for this is , is its not possible for someone to create the exact replica of every gene, and resulting in various outcomes
http://www.wired.com/medtech/health/news/2002/09/55043
The American Lung association and the National Institutes of Health are studying the rise of asthma and COPD. The medicines now only treat the symptoms and Dr. Ed Morrisey P.h.D want to see if the epigentics controls lung repair and regeneration. They are studying the effects on people with COPD that are smokers and non-smokers. They have discovered that people who smoke have a lesser chance for their lungs to regenerate properly, whereas; non-smokers lungs have a greater chance of lung regeneration. HDAC2 controls the rebuilding of lung tissues and with this enzyme being affected by smoking the person is at risk of loosing the key to transcription. These studies have help scientists discover the regeneration and repair of lung tissues of people with COPD. They are now hoping to figure out the efficiency of medications to help COPD and other lung diseases.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/256889.php
At Surrey University, there has been a study done on people who have only had 6 hours of sleep every night for a week. This study was done to find out what effects lack of sleep has on your body. The results show that it effects the imune system, metabolism, sleep and wake cycle, an the body's reaction to stress. It was done on humans. Lack of sleep may cause the DNA to not be able to replicate correctly. The conclusions of this study were that lack of sleep can in fact effect your body in harmful ways. My conclusion is that I need to sleep more so I don't get stressed out.
ReplyDeletehttp://m.guardiannews.com/science/2013/feb/25/sleeping-six-hours-night-activity-genes
Can Lack Of Sleep Can Make Our Genes Less Active?
ReplyDeleteScientist say that just one week of abnormal, insufficient sleep is enough to dramatically alter the activity of human genes. The research was conducted at the University of Surrey in England. They say that less than 6 hours a night can affect over 700 genes, which are the genes that are associated with controlling response to stress, immunity, and inflammation.
This study is about lack of sleep affecting our genes. It is performed on humans to determine the effects of not getting enough sleep. This study also applies to genetics because they are trying to figure out if lack of sleep actually does affect your genes. Sleep deprivation and disorders affect 50 to 70 million Americans. Until recently, scientists were unaware how gene expression patterns were modified by poor sleep. These 'gene expression' patterns offer critical clues on the possible molecular mechanisms that connect sleep with total health. There are several biological processes that are affected by sleep deprivation. Some of which include macromolecular metabolism, gene-expression regulation, chromatin modification and inflammatory response. These are just a few of the affects of sleep deprivation.
The study concluded that lack of sleep does affect your genes. I think this study is interesting that not getting enough sleep can affect over 700 genes!
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/256912.php
Perhaps you have someone in your life who has been negatively affected by cancer, particularly breast cancer. In 2011, an estimated 230,480 new cases of invasive breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the United States.
ReplyDeleteIn a move that could alter the way that breast cancers are treated, scientists have reclassified the disease into four main classes and concluded that one type of breast cancer is closely related to an aggressive form of ovarian cancer; the finding that these two forms of cancer may be linked to each other brings about a new way of thinking that moves away from defining cancers by the organ of origin. These discoveries are the result of the largest and most comprehensive study of the genetics of breast cancer to date; more importantly, they offer a new glimmer of hope to cancer patients.
The four main classifications of breast cancer are as follows: HER2 'enriched', which includes many, but not all, HER2-positive tumors, or ones that express large amounts of the HER2 protein; these tumors tend to respond to drugs that target the HER2 protein. Luminal A, which is estrogen-positive and tends to be less aggressive. Luminal B, which is also estrogen-positive and tends to be more aggressive. And finally, Basal-like; this class includes many, but not all, triple-negative breast cancers and tends to be aggressive. A smaller percentage in this subtype may express HER2 and/or estrogen.
1.) This study is trying to prove the link between one type of breast cancer and an aggressive form of ovarian cancer as well as inform on the four main classifications of this disease.
2.) This study focuses on cancer cells.
3.) Cancer is the end result of a mutation of DNA.
4.) (5) New discoveries about cancer are being made; the new classification makes grouping and treatment easier and the link between a type of breast cancer and ovarian cancer brings new hope to finding life-changing cures for affected patients in the United States as well as around the world.
5.) This study gives scientists as well as patients a positive mindset as they continue to conduct studies and heal; new feelings of hope are also given as all people affected, emotionally and physically, keep vibes of positivity flowing.
http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Advances-in-breast-cancer-genetics-study-3887472.php
(Statistics) http://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/understand_bc/statistics
Many of the laboratory over the years have seemed to want to study if alcholism is inherited or not.most of the study's have involved testing if humans and animals to determine whether this issue is genetically passed or just a coincidence. It seems that when you are raised in a household that relays on alcahol you are more than likely to grow up and to become addicted to alcohol than a child who was raised in a house that didn't rely in it. In San Francisco a college is studying this case but with fruit flies and they determined that they thought this in fact is a factor that you can inherent .
ReplyDelete1)alchaholism and to see whether this is a genetic or not.
2) many labs used fruit flies and many other types of animals.
3) this study is about whether alchaholism is an addiction that can be passed down from generation to generation on a single gene from a family member of some type.
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5) many labs haven't yet established a conclusion but most have stated that yes 1 out if 4 children that grow up in a alchol based house becomes alcoholics.
6) I believe that yes this issue is passed down by genetics. http://alcoholism.about.com/cs/genetics/a/aa990517.htm
Scientist from North Carolina University did an experiment on how the system of genes in a fruit fly are effected by the tolerance of alcohol. The scientist studied the time the flies were exposed to alcohol and the time that alcohol took effect. They kept an eye on one specific gene they called ME1. That gene was the one to tell the ability of consuming the alcohol and the tendencies determining on how strong the drink was. Their result of the project was that fruit flies are effected to the alcohol along with the amount taken in. Although they used fruit flies it is believed that the tolerance also is compatible with humans. I concluded that no matter what animal was used alcohol would effect all people especially to the extent of have danger and cells in your body start dying off causing your cells to not be able to reproduce and combine the DNA strands.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.biology-online.org/articles/genetic-switch-alcohol-tolerance.html
ALCOHOLISM
ReplyDeleteThere is a growing body of scientific evidence that alcoholism has a genetic way, but the actual gene that may cause it has yet to be identified.Children of alcoholics are four times more likely than other children to become alcoholics, but environmental factors could be a factor in many of those cases. Studies of laboratory animals as well as human test subjects indicate that genetic factors play a major role in the development of alcoholism. This study relates to genetics because it is shownw how a alcoholic can pass down its pleasure of alcohol to its child.Family, twin and adoption studies have shown that alcoholism definitely has a genetic component. In 1990, Blum et al. proposed an association between the A1 allele of the DRD2 gene and alcoholism. The DRD2 gene is the first candidate gene that has shown promise of an association with alcoholism.A study in Sweden followed alcohol use in twins who were adopted as children and reared apart. The incidence of alcoholism was slightly higher among people who were exposed to alcoholism only through their adoptive families. However, it was dramatically higher among the twins whose biological fathers were alcoholics, regardless of the presence of alcoholism in their adoptive families. In my opinion, I agree with people believing that it is a genetic.
This article is about how lack of sleep can make genes less active. This article applies to genetics because they have to use the genes to prove how lack of sleep makes genes less active. Fifty to seventy million Americans are having sleep insomnia. Now we know that lack of sleep affects the immune system, metabolism, stress response, and inflammation. Not enough sleep can cause obesity, heart disease, and cognitive impairment. Twenty-six volunteers went one week with inadequate sleep and then one week with significant sleep. At the end of the week blood samples were taken. The results showed effects on circadian rhythms, metabolism, and sleep homeostasis. The circadian rhythm in Lamen's terms is your internal clock. Less than six hours of sleep affects the activity of over 700 of our genes. This disrupts the internal clock which causes higher blood pressure, higher temperature, less coordination, decreases in alertness, and lack of appetite. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/256912.php
ReplyDeletehttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/256683.php
ReplyDeleteThe most common form of mental retardation and autism is fragile X syndrome. The fragile X syndrome turns some of the brain cells into chatter boxes. According to the researchers, understanding the effects of this altered signaling will be important to developing successful treatments for the fragile X syndrome and autism. The scientist don't know how the information is encoded or how the information is converted into the brain. They assume that some signals are important and that some signals are noise. They made theoretical models that the changes we detect may make it hard for the brain cells to distinguish or separate the important signals form the noise. Fragile X is caused by mutations in a gene called Fmr1. The gene is found on the X chromosome on one of the two sex cells. When males get fragile X syndrome and it is more sever, and men have it more than women do. Scientist deleted the gene Fmr1 a long time ago in mice to create a model of fragile X. Without Fmr1 the mice had abnormalities in brain cells and social behavioral deficits similar to the fragile X found in most humans. The studies in the past two decades have focused on how Fmr1 loss affects dendrites. Dendrites are the branches of the nerve cells that sends signals. It might also create problems in the terms of brain cells using up their resources much more quickly than they normally would. The scientist infused synthetic copies of the genes protein, called FMRP, into the brain cells of the mouse model rapidly restored the electrical surges to their normal length. There are further studies being conducted on fragile X syndrome. Te scientist are trying to figure out what is happening with the brain cells mutations.
Dr. Gerald D. Schellenberg, Professor of pathology at the University of Pennsylvania, proposed a study approximately three years ago to the National Institutes of Health to attempt to investigate the genres responsible for the disease called Alzheimer's. The study focused on Alzheimer's patients and health people of the same age. The study was to prove that some genes were more common in people with the disease. It was a massive study in the U.S., and the same type of study was also preformed in Europe at the same time. Alzheimer's centers and geneticists from around the country participated. Specimens for the study included tissue that was sitting in a freezer for DNA restraction, and data and genetic gatherings of affected and healthy people. By looking at this data, scientists were able to locate genes that were more common in Alzheimer patients. By looking at this data, Scientists were able to locate gene that were more common in Alzheimer patients. That study increased the number of located genes from 5-10. They also discovered a tie between some cholesterol types genes and the frequency of the disease. These new discoveries increase the risk for the disease about 10-15%. These new results along with the APOE gene that was discovered in 1995 is causing reasearchers to feel that major accomplishments in the area of treating the disease is promising. They say that these studies will help to figure out the biology of the disease. I think the study made a lot of advancement because so many people cooperated and made the study one big reasearch project instead of many small experiments. They are now in the process of bringing the European and the U.S. study together. This combining of knowledge and reasearch is what makes studies successful.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/health/04alzheimer.html?pagewanted=all
Many Genetics of today is how people function and are able to live. Without Genetics and DNA the human body wouldn’t have been formed. It functions our muscles, bones, nervous system, and organs. DNA is what gives people certain characteristics from the parents (Dominant and Recessive Traits). Without the Traits we get from our parents everyone would look the same if everybody had the same DNA strands.
ReplyDeleteIn today’s society Biologist has been coming up with Genetics of the future to try to defeat the disorders of disease and or common disorders. In this article a man named Sydney Brenner is trying to destroy disorders of human organs of the body. He is trying to combine different mutations to perform DNA that will cure cancer and other disorders of the body. Many scientist works with small insects and animals to test this experiment and to complete it. Gene mapping and cloning is what this experiment is about to perfect the future. Many cells are used in this experiment such as parasites and mitochondria. Today scientists are beginning to create RNA segments to combine specific segments of genes to perform different drugs to help people through rough medical issues.
Without genetics and DNA humans would have never been created. Genetics is what give people their own traits and flaws to make them look somewhat similar to their parents but not exact. Also so they won’t look exactly like people around them. DNA is what gives people their own genetic code and no one else has the same exact code.
http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB /IE/Future_Of_Genetic_Research.php
http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/2056628/genetics_show_eastern_wolves_are_coyote_hybrids/
DeleteThere was recently a study conducted in the eastern part of the U.S. about the wolves that lived there. They found that the wolves seemed to be a hybrid mixed between the gray wolf and a coyote. The new hybrid is technically a coyote-dog-wolf hybrid. The coyotes and the gray wolf started reproducing and making these hybrids about 300 years ago from what the scientists think. The scientists still don't understand why these hybrids are only staying in certain areas. They have also discovered that a western wolf unlike the gray wolf will actually kill the coyotes instead of breeding with them. They found more than 48,000 markers in the genome of the wolves, coyotes, and dogs genetic information. Another recent study was done on the western wolves and the wolves that lived around the Great Lakes. Scientists found out that the western wolves were 100% wolf and the wolves around the Great Lakes were 85% wolf and 15% percent coyote. They also found that the endangered red wolf that live in the south eastern part of the U.S. is 24% wolf and 76% coyote. This study relates to DNA and genetics because it talks about the genetics of a wolf and it's hybrid off spring. It also talks about there Mixed DNA patterns. I have concluded that coyotes, wolves, and dogs are all connected in some kind way genetically.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.redorbit.com/news/science/2056628/genetics_show_eastern_wolves_are_coyote_hybrids/
ReplyDeleteThe human genome is packed with millions of gene switches that contain pieces of DNA that were once declared “junk” but turn out to play crucial roles in controlling how cells, organs and other tissues behave. This discovery is important to human health because many complex diseases are caused by gene switches. "Junk" is considered to be the parts of DNA that do not hold genetic information and are discarded from the strand. Scientist then began to explore the "junk" where they discovered a complex system that controls genes. At least eighty percent of this DNA is active and very much needed. The result of the work is a road map of this DNA, knowing what it is doing and how. It includes the network of switches that control which genes are used in a cell and when they are used, and determines what kind of cell it will become. In one of the few Nature papers, researchers linked the gene switches to a wide range of human diseases. Such as: lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Cohn’s disease, celiac disease, and even to simple traits like a person's height. In larger studies over the past few years, scientists have found that minor changes in human DNA sequences increase a person's risk of getting those diseases. But those changes were only in the "junk", now it is often referred to as the dark matter, and their significance was not clear. The new discovery reveals that many of those changes will alter gene switches and are very significant. The discoveries have also revealed which genetic changes are important in cancer development, and why. As they began looking at the DNA sequences of cancer cells, researchers found that most of the DNA changes in cancer cells were not even in genes; they were in the dark matter. Now the challenge is to figure out which changes are driving the growth rate in cancer. The complex three-dimensional structure of DNA (double helix) is such a long strand that it only fits because it is tightly wound around itself. When scientist looked at the three-dimensional structure they discovered small segments of dark-matter DNA are closer to genes they control than they were in the past.
ReplyDeleteWhat surprised researcher most about this project was that most of what they thought was DNA is actually gene switches. I think that scientist still have a long road ahead of them to figure out why the dark matter is getting closer to the genes than they have in the past. As far as medical research is concerned this is a huge breakthrough for cancer patients and people with other horrible diseases as well!
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/06/science/far-from-junk-dna-dark-matter-proves-crucial-to-health.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
My genetic paper is on how hamsters inherit their genes and traits. It also is trying to see how many baby's die in the belly of their mother. My species is the hamster. It apply's to DNA replication because the experiment is showing how many baby's reproduce or die in the mother stomach. Also shows what certain trait one of the baby's get and what certain gene one if the baby's get. Any babies which would have received two imperial genes (one from each parent or about 25% of the litter) will die in the womb and not be born. The conclusion to this study is that it depends if the parents are dominant or recessive to show what the baby's would end up being .
ReplyDeleteA recent study was done on Type 2 diabetes which is insulin dependent diabetes. The study was trying to identify more genes that are associated with type 2 diabetes. The specimens used for this study were human subjects of African American, Hispanic, Asian and European ethnicity. This study was trying to find more genetic links to type 2 diabetes. This study discovered 6 new independent genetic signals in know type 2 diabetes, verified 16 previously reported type two diabetes linked variants and identified variants in 4 previously unknown genes associated with type 2 diabetes. This study was successful because it discovered more genetic signals and verified alot more. I think there is still a lot more that needs to be discovered about diabetes, but this study was useful and very interesting.
ReplyDeleteIn Portland Oregon, there are scientists working towards achieving high goals in order to discover prevention from heredity mutations like; diabetes and heredity blindness.Meanwhile, researchers for biologist Shoukhrat Mitalipov, modified unfertilized eggs. Scientists are trying to achieve the goal of reaching information for it to be capable for there to be three parents to create an offspring. First starting out testing monkeys and now have moved on to humans. The process deals with a mitochondria DNA. They have now started transferring some donor cells with other donor cells. They have not yet concluded the closing information on the experiment but things are looking up. This relations with DNA and genetics because DNA is being mixed or transferred differently than usual because of prevention of hereditary mutations.
ReplyDeletehttp://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-10-25/national/35498627_1_shoukhrat-mitalipov-mitochondrial-disorders-embryos
DeleteA well-known in bowel cancer called "chromosomal instability",where cancer cells manage to retain the upper hand by being able to reshuffle their genetic pack of cards, the chromosomes that hold the cells DNA information, is increasing cell diversity in tumors, which makes them difficult to treat now a days. A way they are saying is that being able to continually shuffle their genetic pack, the cancer cells deal themselves a better hand: by increasing their genetic diversity they can adapt to new environments, tumor growth, or help resist the treatment to the cell.Work from Cancer Research in the UK and other groups shows that the genetic landscape of a tumor is complex, and is beginning to change the way scientists understand the disease.This applys to DNA replication or ranscription because of the DNA in the cancer. Because of the possible bacteria in the cancer it has DNA in it, and becasue everything has DNA in it.Swaton says ""We're now looking for ways in which this process can be targeted in order to tip cancer cells over the edge." in my opinion I hope they will find a cure for this fast.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/257042.php
At the national humane genome research institute, they are doing studies to see if attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is caused by genes. They have found that ADHD often runs in families and that their may be a genetic component to the disorder. These scientists believe ADHD is a complex disorder that could involve a couple genes. There are also non-genetic affects to ADHD such as brain injury, abnormal brain development and environmental factors.
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